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Single stage gear reducerA transmission is a in a transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses and to provide and conversions from a rotating power source to another device.In, the term transmission refers to the whole, including, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), and final drive shafts.
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In English, however, the term refers more specifically to the gearbox alone, and detailed usage differs.The most common use is in, where the transmission adapts the output of the to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted.Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios (or simply 'gears') with the ability to switch between them as speed varies. This switching may be done manually (by the operator) or automatically. Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided.
Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output.In motor vehicles, the transmission generally is connected to the engine via a flywheel or clutch or fluid coupling, partly because internal combustion engines cannot run below a particular speed. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the to one or more, which drives the wheels. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation.Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the only mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include and power transformation (e.g. Hybrid configurations also exist. Automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in response to speed and throttle input.
Interior view of Pantigo Windmill, looking up into cap from floor—cap rack, brake wheel, brake and wallower. Pantigo Windmill is located on James Lane, East Hampton, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York.Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in, -powered devices, and, in support of, and.Most modern gearboxes are used to increase while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft (e.g. A motor crankshaft). This means that the output shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft, and this reduction in speed produces a, increasing torque. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in shaft speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the physical rotational direction of power transmission.Many typical transmissions include the ability to select one of several.
In this case, most of the gear ratios (often simply called 'gears') are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque. However, the highest gears may be ' types that increase the output speed.Uses Gearboxes have found use in a wide variety of different—often —applications, such as.Transmissions are also used in, and equipment. In addition to ordinary transmission equipped with gears, such equipment makes extensive use of the hydrostatic drive and electrical.Simple.
The main gearbox and rotor of a helicopterThe simplest transmissions, often called gearboxes to reflect their simplicity (although complex systems are also called gearboxes in the vernacular), provide gear reduction (or, more rarely, an increase in speed), sometimes in conjunction with a right-angle change in direction of the shaft (typically in, see picture). These are often used on -powered agricultural equipment, since the axial PTO shaft is at odds with the usual need for the driven shaft, which is either vertical (as with rotary mowers), or horizontally extending from one side of the implement to another (as with, and ). More complex equipment, such as choppers and, have drives with outputs in more than one direction. So too use a split-torque gearbox where power is taken from the engine in two directions for the different rotors. Gears from a five-speed + reverse gearbox from the 1600 Volkswagen Golf (2009).The gearbox in a converts the slow, high-torque rotation of the turbine into much faster rotation of the. These are much larger and more complicated than the PTO gearboxes in farm equipment.
They weigh several tons and typically contain three stages to achieve an overall gear ratio from 40:1 to over 100:1, depending on the size of the turbine. (For and structural reasons, larger turbines have to turn more slowly, but the generators all have to rotate at similar speeds of several thousand.) The first stage of the gearbox is usually a planetary gear, for compactness, and to distribute the enormous torque of the turbine over more teeth of the low-speed shaft. Durability of these gearboxes has been a serious problem for a long time.Regardless of where they are used, these simple transmissions all share an important feature: the cannot be changed during use. It is fixed at the time the transmission is constructed.For transmission types that overcome this issue, see, also known as CVT.Multi-ratio systems. Amphicar gearbox cutaway w/optional shift for water going propellersMany applications require the availability of multiple. Often, this is to ease the starting and stopping of a mechanical system, though another important need is that of maintaining good.Automotive basics The need for a transmission in an is a consequence of the characteristics of the. Engines typically operate over a range of 600 to about 7000 (though this varies, and is typically less for diesel engines), while the car's wheels rotate between 0 rpm and around 1800 rpm.Furthermore, the engine provides its highest torque and power outputs unevenly across the rev range resulting in a and a.
Often the greatest torque is required when the vehicle is moving from rest or traveling slowly, while maximum power is needed at high speed. Therefore, a system is required that transforms the engine's output so that it can supply high torque at low speeds, but also operate at highway speeds with the motor still operating within its limits.
Transmissions perform this transformation. A diagram comparing the power and torque bands of a 'torquey' engine versus a 'peaky' oneThe dynamics of a car vary with speed: at low speeds, acceleration is limited by the inertia of vehicular gross mass; while at cruising or maximum speeds wind resistance is the dominant barrier.Many transmissions and used in and applications are contained in a case, though more frequently is used for lower weight especially in cars. There are usually three shafts: a mainshaft, a countershaft, and an idler shaft.The mainshaft extends outside the case in both directions: the input shaft towards the engine, and the output shaft towards the rear axle (on rear wheel drive cars.
Front wheel drives generally have the engine and transmission mounted transversely, the differential being part of the transmission assembly.) The shaft is suspended by the main, and is split towards the input end. At the point of the split, a pilot bearing holds the shafts together. The gears and ride on the mainshaft, the gears being free to turn relative to the mainshaft except when engaged by the clutches.Manual.
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16S181 — opened range housing (2x4 x2)Manual transmissions come in two basic types:. A simple but rugged sliding-mesh or system, where straight-cut spur gear sets spin freely, and must be synchronized by the operator matching engine revs to road speed, to avoid noisy and damaging clashing of the gears. The now ubiquitous, which can include non-synchronised, or systems, where typically diagonal cut helical (or sometimes either straight-cut, or ) gear sets are constantly 'meshed' together, and a is used for changing gears. On synchromesh boxes, friction cones or 'synchro-rings' are used in addition to the dog clutch to closely match the rotational speeds of the two sides of the (declutched) transmission before making a full mechanical engagement.The former type was standard in many vintage cars (alongside e.g. Epicyclic and multi-clutch systems) before the development of constant-mesh manuals and hydraulic-epicyclic automatics, older heavy-duty, and can still be found in use in some agricultural equipment.
The latter is the modern standard for on- and off-road transport manual and semi-automatic transmission, although it may be found in many forms; e.g., non-synchronised straight-cut in racetrack or super-heavy-duty applications, non-synchro helical in the majority of heavy trucks and motorcycles and in certain classic cars (e.g. The Fiat 500), and partly or fully synchronised helical in almost all modern manual-shift passenger cars and light trucks.Manual transmissions are the most common type outside. They are cheaper, lighter, usually give better performance, but the newest automatic transmissions and CVTs give better fuel economy. It is customary for new drivers to learn, and be tested, on a car with a manual gear change.
In and all cars used for testing (and because of that, virtually all those used for instruction as well) have a manual transmission. In, the, the, Ireland, the Australian states of, Western Australia and Queensland, and the, a test pass using an automatic car does not entitle the driver to use a manual car on the public road; a test with a manual car is required. Manual transmissions are much more common than automatic transmissions in, and.Manual transmissions can include both synchronized and unsynchronized gearing. For example, reverse gear is usually unsynchronised, as the driver is only expected to engage it when the vehicle is at a standstill. Many older (up to 1970s) cars also lacked synchronisation on first gear (for various reasons—cost, typically 'shorter' overall gearing, engines typically having more low-end torque, the extreme wear on a frequently used first gear synchroniser.), meaning it also could only be used for moving away from a stop unless the driver became adept at double-declutching and had a particular need to regularly downshift into the lowest gear.Some manual transmissions have an extremely low ratio for first gear, called a creeper gear or granny gear.
Such gears are usually not synchronized. This feature is common on pick-up trucks tailored to trailer-towing, farming, or construction-site work. During normal on-road use, the truck is usually driven without using the creeper gear at all, and second gear is used from a standing start.
Some off-road vehicles, most particularly the Willys Jeep and its descendants, also had transmissions with 'granny first's' either as standard or an option, but this function is now more often provided for by a low-range transfer gearbox attached to a normal fully synchronized transmission.Non-synchronous. Main article:Some commercial applications use non-synchronized manual transmissions that require a skilled operator. Depending on the country, many local, regional, and national laws govern operation of these types of vehicles ( see ). This class may include, military,. Some of these may use combinations of types for multi-purpose functions. An example is a (PTO) gear. The non-synchronous transmission type requires an understanding of gear range, torque, engine power, and multi-functional clutch and shifter functions.
Also see, and sections of the main article. Is the process of shifting gears without using the clutch.Automatic.
Or planetary gearing as used in an automatic transmission.Most modern North American, and some European and Japanese cars have an that selects an appropriate gear ratio without any operator intervention. They primarily use to select gears, depending on exerted by fluid within the transmission assembly. Rather than using a to engage the transmission, a fluid flywheel, or is placed in between the engine and transmission. It is possible for the driver to control the number of gears in use or select reverse, though precise control of which gear is in use may or may not be possible.Automatic transmissions are easy to use. However, in the past, some automatic transmissions of this type have had a number of problems; they were complex and expensive, sometimes had reliability problems (which sometimes caused more expenses in repair), have often been less fuel-efficient than their manual counterparts (due to 'slippage' in the torque converter), and their was slower than a manual making them uncompetitive for racing. With the advancement of modern automatic transmissions this has changed.Attempts to improve fuel efficiency of automatic transmissions include the use of that lock up beyond a certain speed or in higher gear ratios, eliminating power loss, and overdrive gears that automatically actuate above certain speeds. In older transmissions, both technologies could be intrusive, when conditions are such that they repeatedly cut in and out as speed and such load factors as grade or wind vary slightly.
Current computerized transmissions possess complex programming that both maximizes fuel efficiency and eliminates intrusiveness. This is due mainly to electronic rather than mechanical advances, though improvements in technology and the use of automatic clutches have also helped. A few cars, including the 2013 Subaru Impreza and the 2012 model of the Honda Jazz sold in the UK, actually claim marginally better fuel consumption for the CVT version than the manual version.For certain applications, the slippage inherent in automatic transmissions can be advantageous. For instance, in, the automatic transmission allows the car to stop with the engine at a high rpm (the 'stall speed') to allow for a very quick launch when the brakes are released.
In fact, a common modification is to increase the stall speed of the transmission. This is even more advantageous for engines, where the turbocharger must be kept spinning at high rpm by a large flow of exhaust to maintain the and eliminate the that occurs when the throttle suddenly opens on an idling engine.Semi-automatic. Main article:A hybrid form of transmission where an integrated control system handles manipulation of the automatically, but the driver can still—and may be required to—take manual control of gear selection. This is sometimes called a 'clutchless manual', or 'automated manual' transmission. Many of these transmissions allow the driver to fully delegate gear shifting choice to the control system, which then effectively acts as if it was a regular automatic transmission.
Main articles:, andusually have a system for selecting different gear ratios. There are two main types:. The derailleur type is the most common, and the most visible, using gears.
Typically there are several gears available on the rear sprocket assembly, attached to the rear wheel. A few more sprockets are usually added to the front assembly as well.
Multiplying the number of sprocket gears in front by the number to the rear gives the number of gear ratios, often called 'speeds'.Hub gears use and are enclosed within the of the rear wheel. Because of the small space, they typically offer fewer different speeds, although at least one has reached and Fallbrook Technologies manufactures a with technically infinite ratios.Several attempts have been made to fit bicycles with an enclosed gearbox, giving obvious advantages for better lubrication, dirt-sealing and shifting.
These have usually been in conjunction with a shaft drive, as a gearbox with a traditional chain would (like the hub gear) still have many of the derailleur's disadvantages for an exposed chain. Bicycle gearboxes are enclosed in a box replacing the traditional. The requirement for a modified frame has been a serious drawback to their adoption. One of the most recent attempts to provide a gearbox for bicycles is the 18 speed Pinion P1.18.
This gives an enclosed gearbox, but still a traditional chain. When fitted to a rear suspension bike, it also retains a derailleur-like jockey cage chain tensioner, although without the derailleur's low ground clearance.Causes for failure of bicycle gearing include: worn teeth, damage caused by a faulty chain, damage due to thermal expansion, broken teeth due to excessive pedaling force, interference by foreign objects, and loss of lubrication due to negligence.Uncommon types Dual clutch transmission. Main article:This arrangement is also sometimes known as a direct shift gearbox or powershift gearbox.
It seeks to combine the advantages of a conventional manual shift with the qualities of a modern automatic transmission by providing different clutches for odd and even speed selector gears. When changing gear, the engine torque is transferred from one gear to the other continuously, so providing gentle, smooth gear changes without either losing power or jerking the vehicle. Gear selection may be manual, automatic (depending on throttle/speed sensors), or a 'sports' version combining both options.Continuously variable. Main article:The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a transmission in which the ratio of the rotational speeds of two shafts, as the input shaft and output shaft of a vehicle or other machine, can be varied continuously within a given range, providing an infinite number of possible ratios. The CVT allows the driver or a computer to select the relationship between the speed of the engine and the speed of the wheels within a continuous range. This can provide even better fuel economy if the engine constantly runs at a single speed. The transmission is, in theory, capable of a better user experience, without the rise and fall in speed of an engine, and the jerk felt when changing gears poorly.CVTs are increasingly found on small cars, and especially high-gas-mileage or vehicles.
On these platforms, the torque is limited because the can provide torque without changing the speed of the engine. By leaving the engine running at the rate that generates the best gas mileage for the given operating conditions, overall mileage can be improved over a system with a smaller number of fixed gears, where the system may be operating at peak efficiency only for a small range of speeds.CVTs are also found in agricultural equipment; due to the high-torque nature of these vehicles, mechanical gears are integrated to provide tractive force at high speeds.
The system is similar to that of a hydrostatic gearbox, and at 'inching speeds' relies entirely on hydrostatic drive. German tractor manufacturer pioneered the technology, developing its 'Vario ' transmission.Infinitely variable The IVT is a specific type of CVT that includes not only an infinite number of gear ratios, but an 'infinite' range as well. This is a, it actually refers to CVTs that are able to include a 'zero ratio', where the input shaft can turn without any motion of the output shaft while remaining in gear.
The gear ratio in that case is not 'infinite' but is instead 'undefined'.Most (if not all) IVTs result from the combination of a CVT with an epicyclic gear system with a fixed ratio. The combination of the fixed ratio of the epicyclic gear with a specific matching ratio in the CVT side results in zero output. For instance, consider a transmission with an epicyclic gear set to 1:−1 gear ratio; a 1:1 reverse gear. When the CVT side is set to 1:1 the two ratios add up to zero output. The IVT is always engaged, even during its zero output. When the CVT is set to higher values it operates conventionally, with increasing forward ratios.In practice, the epicyclic gear may be set to the lowest possible ratio of the CVT, if reversing is not needed or is handled through other means. Reversing can be incorporated by setting the epicyclic gear ratio somewhat higher than the lowest ratio of the CVT, providing a range of reverse ratios.Electric variable The Electric Variable Transmission (EVT) combines a transmission with an electric motor to provide the illusion of a single CVT.
In the common implementation, a gasoline engine is connected to a traditional transmission, which is in turn connected to an epicyclic gear system's planet carrier. An electric motor/generator is connected to the central 'sun' gear, which is normally un-driven in typical epicyclic systems. Both sources of power can be fed into the transmission's output at the same time, splitting power between them. In common examples, between one-quarter and half of the engine's power can be fed into the sun gear.
Depending on the implementation, the transmission in front of the epicyclic system may be greatly simplified, or eliminated completely. EVTs are capable of continuously modulating output/input speed ratios like mechanical CVTs, but offer the distinct benefit of being able to also apply power from two different sources to one output, as well as potentially reducing overall complexity dramatically.In typical implementations, the gear ratio of the transmission and epicyclic system are set to the ratio of the common driving conditions, say highway speed for a car, or city speeds for a bus. When the driver presses on the gas, the associated electronics interpret the pedal position and immediately set the gasoline engine to the RPM that provides the best gas mileage for that setting. As the gear ratio is normally set far from the maximum torque point, this set-up would normally result in very poor acceleration. Unlike gasoline engines, electric motors offer efficient torque across a wide selection of RPM, and are especially effective at low settings where the gasoline engine is inefficient. By varying the electrical load or supply on the motor attached to the sun gear, additional torque can be provided to make up for the low torque output from the engine.
As the vehicle accelerates, the power to the motor is reduced and eventually ended, providing the illusion of a CVT.The canonical example of the EVT is Toyota's. This implementation has no conventional transmission, and the sun gear always receives 28% of the torque from the engine. This power can be used to operate any electrical loads in the vehicle, recharging the batteries, powering the entertainment system, or running the air conditioning system. Any residual power is then fed back into a second motor that powers the output of the drivetrain directly. At highway speeds this additional generator/motor pathway is less efficient than simply powering the wheels directly. However, during acceleration, the electrical path is much more efficient than an engine operating so far from its torque point. GM uses a similar system in the Allison Bus hybrid powertrains and the Tahoe and Yukon pick-up trucks, but these use a two-speed transmission in front of the epicyclic system, and the sun gear receives close to half the total power.Non-direct Electric.
Main article:Electric transmissions convert the mechanical power of the engine(s) to electricity with and convert it back to mechanical power with. Electrical or electronic control systems are used to control the speed and torque of the motors. If the generators are driven by, such arrangements are called. Likewise installations powered by are called diesel-electric.Diesel-electric arrangements are used on many railway locomotives, ships, large trucks, and some. In these cases, each driven wheel is equipped with its own electric motor, which can be fed varying electrical power to provide any required torque or power output for each wheel independently. This produces a much simpler solution for multiple driven wheels in very large vehicles, where drive shafts would be much larger or heavier than the electrical cable that can provide the same amount of power.
It also improves the ability to allow different wheels to run at different speeds, which is useful for steered wheels in large construction vehicles.Hydrostatic See alsoHydrostatic transmissions transmit all power hydraulically, using the components of. They are similar to electrical transmissions, but use hydraulic fluid as the power distribution system rather than electricity.The transmission input drive is a central hydraulic pump and final drive unit(s) is/are a hydraulic motor, or hydraulic cylinder (see: ). Both components can be placed physically far apart on the machine, being connected only by flexible hoses. Hydrostatic drive systems are used on excavators, lawn tractors, forklifts, winch drive systems, heavy lift equipment, agricultural machinery, earth-moving equipment, etc. An arrangement for was probably used on the Ferguson racing car in about 1961.The of the is hydrostatic.Hydrodynamic If the hydraulic pump or hydraulic motor make use of the effects of the fluid flow, i.e.
Pressure due to a change in the fluid's momentum as it flows through vanes in a turbine. The pump and motor usually consist of rotating vanes without seals and are typically placed in proximity.
The transmission ratio can be made to vary by means of additional rotating vanes, an effect similar to varying the pitch of an airplane.The in most automotive automatic transmissions is, in itself, a hydrodynamic transmission. Hydrodynamic transmissions are used in many passenger rail vehicles, those that are not using electrical transmissions. In this application the advantage of smooth power delivery may outweigh the reduced efficiency caused by turbulence energy losses in the fluid.See also.
Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. B. Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery. Prentice Hall.
Stiesdal, Henrik (August 1999), (PDF), retrieved 2009-10-06. Musial, W.; Butterfield, S.; McNiff, B. (May 2007), (PDF), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, archived from (PDF) on September 23, 2012, retrieved July 2, 2013. May 13, 2013. April 15, 2013.
Archived from on 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2014-04-29. Archived from on 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-04-29. (in Latvian).
Retrieved 2014-04-29. All Pro Transmissions. Retrieved 2018-07-10. Retrieved November 29, 2013. Marshall Brain. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
Retrieved 2014-04-29. Ben Coxworth (13 March 2013). Gizmag. Matt Wragg (6 June 2012). Retrieved 2014-04-29.
Castle Care Tech 1600 Engineers Manual Transmission Free
Retrieved 2014-04-29.Further reading. Harald Naunheimer; Peter Fietkau; G Lechner (2011).
Castle Care Tech 1600 Engineers Manual Transmission Kit
Automotive transmissions: fundamentals, selection, design and application (2nd ed.). Springer.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary., (YouTube), Odgen 2012.