2020. 2. 17. 15:02ㆍ카테고리 없음
On October 27 th, 2018, the research schooner Tara will come back to its home port of Lorient after a two-and-a-half year voyage in the Pacific Ocean. The expedition focused on the study of coral reefs – treasures of biodiversity today seriously threatened by global warming.Sailors, scientists, artists and the entire Tara Expeditions Foundation team will have the pleasure of greeting you in Lorient to share this amazing scientific and human adventure that covered more than 100,000 km.© Tara Expeditions Foundation: F.
Roullin© Pete West / Bioquest Studios – Tara Expeditions Foundation. Tara is back at sea again and we can truly say our re-entry was athletic! Just outside of Tokyo Bay, the schooner entered a low-pressure system. High wind and big waves got the better of certain crew members during the first 48 hours, but the rough sea certainly didn’t stop the sailors.
They braved the elements to hoist several sails — staysail, foresail and yankee — immediately stabilizing the schooner and calming our bodies.In these difficult weather conditions, Tara got help from the Kuroshio, the world’s second strongest ocean current after the Gulf Stream. By following the Kuroshio, Tara’s speed increased by 2 knots compared to her average velocity – a true aquatic conveyer belt!© Sophie Bin / Tara Expeditions FoundationBesides having nautical qualities, the Kuroshio current is of great interest to the scientists on board. Thanks to warm tropical waters and the Coriolis force, this current provides favorable conditions for coral reefs to develop in Japan, much further north than any other coral worldwide.“ In biological terms, this zone is extremely active thanks to an upwelling of cold waters from the deep that carry nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, mixing with warm tropical waters.
This enables plankton to thrive”, explains Fabien Lombard, scientific coordinator of this leg. In the first samples collected close to the main stream, the scientists have already found large numbers of diatoms, a kind of phytoplankton.A promising start for Tara’s long crossing to Hawaii!Caroline Britz. After collecting coral samples in Hong Kong, Tara headed out to sea for Taiwan, with science on the agenda, and a relay of crew members.Everyone was smiling as we dropped anchor. Finally, they would be able to dive in this deserted bay of Crescent Island, northeast of Hong Kong. Since Indonesia, scientists on board were unable to collect even the smallest bit of coral for lack of authorization. But in the Hong Kong archipelago, a few miles from the city and its gigantic buildings, research finally could begin again.After Crescent Island, Tara headed to a second site, also chosen by the University of Hong scientists sailing aboard Tara on this short leg. Lamma Island, west of the city, is much less green than Crescent.
Large orange rocks adorn the cliff that frames the schooner. Open to the sea, this area is much more agitated than the first. After the morning sampling, Tara made a last detour to Hong Kong to drop off the University of Hong Kong scientists before heading north to Taiwan.Tara and the crew left Hong Kong in order to go sampling coral in the archipelago – © Agathe Roullin / Tara Expeditions FoundationBack to KeelungFacing headwinds during the entire crossing, it took us 2 and a half days to reach Kaohsiung on the island’s southwest side.
This first stopover will be short: It’s here that some crew members disembark and new ones come aboard: a new first mate, a cook, on-board correspondent and 5 scientists. The scientific program in Taiwan will be considerable. 3 sampling sites are planned along the east coast — Kenting, Orchid and Green Islands — before arriving in Keelung around March 27 th. Taranauts are looking forward to a reunion there. Less than a year ago, in May 2017 the schooner moored at Keelung’s dock for a week-long stopover and meeting with the Taiwanese.Agathe Roullin. Tuesday, November 14 at 15:30 local time Tara arrived a few kilometers from Kimbe, capital of the province of Western New Britain.
Along the northern coast of this island of Papua New Guinea, we completed the last few miles with no wind and the help of Tara’s engines.Simon Rigal, Tara’s captain since Whangarei (New Zealand) will disembark here, handing over the helm to Samuel Audrain.Kimbe Bay — 110 km wide and 60km long — is considered the heart of the Coral Triangle. The scientific team, led by Rebecca Vega Thurber (from Oregon State University), has planned 3 new sampling sites.Islands on the way to Kimbe © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions FoundationA succession of volcanoes, some still active — islands like boats with hulls of lava rock above which flourishes lush, tropical vegetation. During the last hours of sailing, the landscape kept telling us we were getting closer to the equator and Indonesia. Anchored tonight in a sheltered spot, Tara is only about 5 degrees south of the line separating our blue planet into 2 hemispheres.We are not here by chance: Kimbe Bay is a major site for biodiversity: it alone includes 60% of the coral species present in the Indo-Pacific area. This heart of the Coral Triangle is also the place of origin of all corals. According to Alfred Yohang Ko’ou, our Papuan scientific observer (soon to disembark) “This is the cradle, the first nest of all Pacific corals.
Ocean currents did the rest by scattering the mother stock.”A first scouting and sampling dive has already taken place at the entrance to Kimbe Bay. It confirmed the extraordinary biodiversity and health of coral polyps in these very warm waters, averaging around 30° C. Another question of particular interest to the researchers on board here: Why doesn’t the coral undergo bleaching in such warm waters?
Will Kimbe Bay corals offer us new elements to better understand why these colonies are resistant to such temperatures, linked to intense surrounding volcanic activity?Papua New Guinea: the country of volcanos and corals © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions FoundationWe are in a region with more than a hundred volcanoes visible from the boat. We’ve had the chance to sail safely by them, including the most destructive ones, Vulcan and Tavurvur, close to the new Rabaul. Fumaroles are still escaping from the Vulcan caldera, with the strong smell of sulfur.
History reminds us that these partly dormant giants literally engulfed the old Rabaul in 1994 – a Papuan Pompeii still buried under the now solidified lava.Here coral lives in waters whose temperatures are influenced by a volcanic environment where thermal stresses combine. The upcoming dives in the context of the Tara Pacific expedition promise to be very exciting.Vincent Hilaire. After leaving Alotau at mid-day on November 1st, we navigated 80 kilometers to the northeast before reaching Normanby Island. At nightfall we anchored close to the west coast of the island and the next morning went through the first of many rituals of this leg.At 7:30 am local time as the sun rose over the rainforest, we launched one of the dinghies to go ashore and meet our hosts. Before leaving, smiling children and adolescents were already circling Tara in canoes.In the dinghy, our improvised delegation was led by Simon Rigal, our captain, and Alfred Yohang Ko’ou.
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Our Papuan scientific observer. We landed on Soba Island and were met by excited children and shy adults awaiting this first contact. We were led past 2 huts, one on the ground and the other on stilts, both constructed mainly with braided palm leaves.The place of our first custom, surrounded by the houses of this little community © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions FoundationSitting on the floor around a palm mat taken from the main hut and unfurled for us, the ritual began with the family gathered amidst dogs, chickens and a pig.Alfred began by explaining in Papuan where we came from and what we were doing on board Tara, while showing on his blue T-shirt our voyage from France. Kanagola, the head of the community, listened attentively.Then “Beckie” Vega Thurber, our current scientific leader, explained more precisely our scientific interest in this bay and what we would like to do there.Kanogola listened very calmly without expressing any particular reaction and suddenly blurted out: “ Ah, the bubbles!”Beckie explained that a mission had already taken place in 2013 to carry out research on these CO2 bubbles.
Kanagola nodded confirmation. Beckie went on, “w e’ve come to launch a new campaign on these carbon dioxide bubbles and their effects on the coral ecosystem.
We will eventually compare these results with the older ones. The ocean is acidifying right now and at you have at the end of your beach an ideal laboratory.”Kanagola was reassured: “ I give you permission to do what you have to do here. But if you go to the next bay, you will have to ask the other community for their agreement.”Two generations of the community of Soba Island in this photograph © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions FoundationSimon Rigal pulled out of his backpack some Tara Junior magazines in English and gave them to Kanagola, explaining with a touch of humor, “ These are magazines for children, but as an adult I learned lots of things from them“. Kanagola thanked Simon with a smile while a new pile came out of the bag: notebooks and pens.The ritual was coming to an end and we were honored to take some pictures of these people still living their traditional life, without electricity or water.Vincent Hilaire. From Honiara (the capital) until Kimbe Bay (Papua New Guinea), we are welcoming on board a Solomon Islands observer: Joe Frazer Piduru.This smiling 43-year-old man born in the province of Choiseul, one of the big islands of the archipelago, is a professional sailor. With a Class 4 Captain’s Certificate from the Honiara Merchant Marine School, Joe works for the Solomon Islands Maritime Safety Administration (SIMSA), the equivalent of Maritime Affairs in France.Tara is anchored a few hundred meters from a palm tree forest nearly overlooking the beach. Rising from some tree tops are swirls of smoke.
A tribe lives there. Further out on the water, men in dugouts are fishing.As the new scientific team prepares its first dive here, 40 nautical miles northwest of Honiara, the newcomer with his rectangular black sunglasses is observing the loading of the zodiac 16R. This is one of the Tara Pacific expedition rituals orchestrated by the sailors using the crane.This Solomon-Papua leg is just beginning and I take this opportunity to interview Joe.Joe Frazer Piduru starting his shift © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions FoundationSeveral hundred islands make up the Solomon Archipelago.
Which one do you come from?“I was born in the province of Choiseul, like my parents. Our tribe has an island along the coast of Choiseul called Zenoa – our traditional territory. We’ve managed to have it classified as a marine protected area since 2010 and we are now waiting to benefit from a conservation program.”Why did you take these steps to protect your island?“We want to protect Zenoa and all the species that live there, but also the reefs. We are doing this for the future, so that there is a future.
In recent years, we have seen the disappearance of many fish species and we don’t know why. Maybe it’s climate change or overfishing or overexploitation of our forest resources, or maybe all 3?Every day we discover more consequences of overfishing and climate change in the world. But how does overexploitation of forests affect the sea, the reefs for example?“The first disruptions come from the very important increase in maritime traffic. Many cargo ships coming from Malaysia load the wood here, very often near the coast without a particular port structure. They also want to avoid paying port taxes so they destroy the bottom with their anchors.
Logging generates very large quantities of sludge carried down the slopes and washed away by the rivers before they empty into the sea. This causes massive pollution and destroys the ecosystem.
This sludge is loaded with oil and hydrocarbons of all kinds. Exploitation of gold from the mines also leads to the dumping of toxic chemicals into our coastal waters.The problem is that all the islands of our archipelago have this type of exploitation.
Our forests have been exploited for 40 years, trees that absorb CO2 and release oxygen have been cut down, and the sea around us has been polluted.”Carcasses of boats after the cyclone PAM passed in 2015, near the port of Honaria © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions Foundation“We want to stop this horror. The problem with logging is corruption. In the local ministries, everyone is ready to sign a business license for bribes. The government has managed to classify less than 10 tree species in 40 years.
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If we don’t protect our forests more effectively, we’ll destroy them, and along with them we’ll destroy our lagoons, our reefs and all their biodiversity. I am sure that this deforestation has consequences for our climate here.”What changes have you noticed in recent years in your climate? There was cyclone Pam in 2015.: “From our elders we inherited a knowledge of our local climates, but now it doesn’t work anymore. Today it is beautiful and tomorrow there may be a cyclone.
We are affected by climate change and our climate is no longer stable like before.Cyclone Pam mainly affected Vanuatu and the eastern part of the archipelago, the province of Temotu. Here we suffered less.But fortunately now, 2 years later, everything is back in order after the arrival of supply vessels. The only thing that improved after the tragedy is that we now have mobile phones to warn people.
We have weather stations in the 9 provinces, but they’re not all working.Joe Frazer Piduru, observer of the Solomon Islands Maritime Safety Administration © Vincent Hilaire – Tara Expeditions FoundationAnother consequence of climate change is that we are beginning to see islands disappear. The first disappeared in 1999, in the Russel Islands archipelago because of rising waters and violent tropical storms.Our situation is very bad and we are trapped in a black box. When I was little, I looked underwater and everything was ok. I swam in the middle of fish and I played in crystal clear waters. But nobody taught us to protect our forests, fish and corals. This must change and we must change.”Vincent Hilaire.
This second year of the Tara Pacific expedition began with a navigation of almost 2500 kilometers between New Zealand and Australia.From the first nautical miles, until Sydney, the Taranauts faced heavy wind and rough sea. The end of the austral winter often offers conditions of this type, with many western depressions, and Tara didn’t escape this ruleIn the end, it took a little more than a week of a challenging sailing for the schooner to rally the calm of Darling Harbor and the dock of the Australian Maritime Museum.© Vincent Hilaire / Fondation Tara Expeditions. The city of Tokyo is home to the world’s largest wholesale fish market, located in the Tsukiji district since 1935.Five days out of seven, professionals are at work in the gigantic halls, buying and selling tons of fish and seafood caught in oceans around the world. Bluefin tuna is sold for extremely high prices at the morning auction where only a few tourists (without cameras!) are welcome.Kazuki Miyaji goes to the Tsukiji market every week just for fun. This fish enthusiast guides us through the stalls filled with quantities of fish from all over the world.
In an excerpt from ESPN's Backstory, Clinton Yates explains what might have spurred the verbal altercation between the chair umpire and Serena Williams in the 2018 US Open final.Chair umpire Carlos Ramos will not officiate matches involving or her older sister, Venus, at this year's US Open following the confrontation that overshadowed last year's final.' We've decided that there are over 900 other matches, and Carlos, for 2019, will not be in the chair for a Williams sisters match,' U.S. Tennis Association executive Stacey Allaster told The Associated Press in a telephone interview. 'We want the attention of the competition to be on the athletes.' Williams clashed with Ramos during her 6-2, 6-4 loss to during the 2018 US Open final.Ramos warned Williams for receiving a coaching signal from the stands before giving her a point penalty for breaking her racket and a game penalty for verbal abuse after she called him a 'thief.' . Watch the full episode of 'Serena vs.
The Umpire' from ESPN's series 'Backstory'The conflict led to ongoing discussions and debates about such matters as the proper role of chair umpires, the way the code of conduct is constructed and whether in-match coaching should be permitted everywhere.Serena Williams, also the runner-up at Wimbledon each of the past two years, is trying to equal Margaret Court's mark for most major singles championships at 24.First-round play at the US Open begins Monday.The Associated Press contributed to this report.